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Contents

Considerations

Causes

Symptoms

First Aid

DO NOT

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Prevention

 

If more pressure is put on a bone than it can stand, it will split or break. A break of any size is called a fracture. If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open fracture (compound fracture).

A stress fracture is a hairline crack in the bone that develops because of repeated or prolonged forces against the bone.

Considerations

It is hard to tell a dislocated joint from a broken bone. However, both are emergency situations, and the basic first aid steps are the same.

Causes

The following are common causes of broken bones:

·         Fall from a height

·         Motor vehicle accidents

·         Direct blow

·         Child abuse

·         Repetitive forces, such as those caused by running, can cause stress fractures of the foot, ankle, tibia, or hip

Symptoms

Symptoms of a broken bone include:

·         A visibly out-of-place or misshapen limb or joint

·         Swelling, bruising, or bleeding

·         Intense pain

·         Numbness and tingling

·         Broken skin with bone protruding

·         Limited mobility or inability to move a limb

First Aid

First aid steps include:

1.      Check the person's airway and breathing. If necessary, call 911 and begin rescue breathing, CPR, or bleeding control.

2.      Keep the person still and calm.

3.      Examine the person closely for other injuries.

4.      In most cases, if medical help responds quickly, allow the medical personnel to take further action.

5.      If the skin is broken, it should be treated immediately to prevent infection. Call emergency help right away. DO NOT breathe on the wound or probe it. If possible, lightly rinse the wound to remove visible dirt or other contamination, but do not vigorously scrub or flush the wound. Cover with sterile dressings.

6.      If needed, immobilize the broken bone with a splint or sling. Possible splints include a rolled up newspaper or strips of wood. Immobilize the area both above and below the injured bone.

7.      Apply ice packs to reduce pain and swelling.

8.      Take steps to prevent shock. Lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches (30 centimeters) above the head, and cover the person with a coat or blanket. However, DO NOT move the person if a head, neck, or back injury is suspected.

CHECK BLOOD CIRCULATION

Check the person's blood circulation. Press firmly over the skin beyond the fracture site. (For example, if the fracture is in the leg, press on the foot). It should first blanch white and then "pink up" in about two seconds. Signs that circulation is inadequate include pale or blue skin, numbness or tingling, and loss of pulse.

If circulation is poor and trained personnel are NOT quickly available, try to realign the limb into a normal resting position. This will reduce swelling, pain, and damage to the tissues from lack of blood.

TREAT BLEEDING

Place a dry, clean cloth over the wound to dress it.

If the bleeding continues, apply direct pressure to the site of bleeding. DO NOT apply a tourniquet to the extremity to stop the bleeding unless it is life-threatening.

DO NOT

·         DO NOT move the person unless the broken bone is stable.

·         DO NOT move a person with an injured hip, pelvis, or upper leg unless it is absolutely necessary. If you must move the person, pull the person to safety by his clothes (such as by the shoulders of a shirt, a belt, or pant-legs).

·         DO NOT move a person who has a possible spine injury.

·         DO NOT attempt to straighten a bone or change its position unless blood circulation appears hampered.

·         DO NOT try to reposition a suspected spine injury.

·         DO NOT test a bone's ability to move.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call 911 if:

·         The person is not responding or is losing consciousness.

·         There is a suspected broken bone in the head, neck, or back.

·         There is a suspected broken bone in the hip, pelvis, or upper leg.

·         You cannot completely immobilize the injury at the scene by yourself.

·         There is severe bleeding.

·         An area below the injured joint is pale, cold, clammy, or blue.

·         There is a bone projecting through the skin.

Even though other broken bones may not be medical emergencies, they still deserve medical attention. Call your health care provider to find out where and when to be seen.

If a young child refuses to put weight on an arm or leg after an accident, won't move the arm or leg, or you can clearly see a deformity, assume the child has a broken bone and get medical help.

Prevention

Take the following steps to reduce your risk of a broken bone:

·         Wear protective gear while skiing, biking, roller blading, and participating in contact sports. This includes using a helmet, elbow pads, knee pads, and shin pads.

·         Create a safe home for young children. Place a gate at stairways and keep windows closed.

·         Teach children how to be safe and look out for themselves.

·         Supervise children carefully. There is no substitute for supervision, no matter how safe the environment or situation appears to be.

·         Prevent falls by not standing on chairs, counter tops, or other unstable objects. Remove throw rugs and electrical cords from floor surfaces. Use handrails on staircases and non-skid mats in bathtubs. These steps are especially important for the elderly.

 

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000001.htm

Contents

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

Possible Complications

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a dislocation of the hip joint that is present at birth. The condition is found in babies or young children.

Causes

The hip is a ball and socket joint. The ball is called the femoral head. It forms the top part of the thigh bone (femur). The socket (acetabulum) forms in the pelvic bone.

In some newborns, the socket is too shallow and the ball (thigh bone) may slip out of the socket, either part of the way or completely. One or both hips may be involved.

The cause is unknown. Low levels of amniotic fluid in the womb during pregnancy can increase a baby's risk of DDH. Other risk factors include:

·         Being the first child

·         Being female

·         Breech position during pregnancy, in which the baby's bottom is down

·         Family history of the disorder

·         Large birth weight

DDH occurs in about 1 to 1.5 of 1,000 births.

Symptoms

There may be no symptoms. Symptoms that may occur in a newborn can include:

·         Leg with hip problem may appear to turn out more

·         Reduced movement on the side of the body with the dislocation

·         Shorter leg on the side with the hip dislocation

·         Uneven skin folds of thigh or buttocks

After 3 months of age, the affected leg may turn outward or be shorter than the other leg.

Once the child begins walking, symptoms can include:

·         Waddling or limping while walking

·         One shorter leg, so the child walks on their toes on one side and not the other side

·         The child's lower back is rounded inward

Exams and Tests

Pediatric health care providers routinely screen all newborns and infants for hip dysplasia. There are several methods to detect a dislocated hip or a hip that is able to be dislocated.

The most common method of identifying the condition is a physical exam of the hips, which involves applying pressure while moving the hips. The provider listens for any clicks, clunks, or pops.

Ultrasound of the hip is used in younger infants to confirm the problem. An x-ray of the hip joint may help diagnose the condition in older infants and children.

A hip that is truly dislocated in an infant should be detected at birth, but some cases are mild and symptoms may not develop until after birth, which is why multiple exams are recommended. Some mild cases are silent and cannot be found during a physical exam.

Treatment

When the problem is found during the first 6 months of life, a device or harness is used to keep the legs apart and turned outward (frog-leg position). This device will usually hold the hip joint in place while the child grows.

This harness works for most infants when it is started before age 6 months, but it is less likely to work for older children.

Children who do not improve, or who are diagnosed after 6 months often need surgery. After surgery, a cast will be placed on the child's leg for a period of time.

Outlook (Prognosis)

If hip dysplasia is found in the first few months of life, it can almost always be treated successfully with a positioning device (bracing). In a few cases, surgery is needed to put the hip back in joint.

Hip dysplasia that is found after early infancy may lead to a worse outcome and may need more complex surgery to fix the problem.

Possible Complications

Bracing devices may cause skin irritation. Differences in the lengths of the legs may persist despite appropriate treatment.

Untreated, hip dysplasia will lead to arthritis and deterioration of the hip, which can be severely debilitating.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you suspect that your child's hip is not properly positioned.

 

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000971.htm

Наложение шины – это соответствующая временная обработка любой болезненной травмы. Наложение шины обездвиживает травмированную конечность для предотвращения дальнейшего осложнения, до прихода и обследования врача. Существует два способа обездвижения травмированной конечности: крепко привязать травмированную конечность к твердому предмету, либо - к другой части тела.
 
Первый способ – это использование свернутых в рулон газет или журналов, или палки, либо любо другого прочного предмета и привязка к нему травмированной конечности ремнем, веревкой или другим подходящим предметом.
При наложении шины на травмированную конечность, следует принять следующие меры предосторожности:
  • Не следует слишком туго накладывать шину.
  • Признаками тугой натянутости являются:
  • Онемение,
  • Покалывание,
  • Усилившаяся боль,
  • Бледность, холодная кожа ниже шины.
  • Увеличившаяся опухоль ниже шины.
  • Не следует перевязывать палец ноги, если есть подозрения на его перелом. В противном случае это может привести к его смещению со своего «гнезда».

Прикладывать шину следует таким образом, чтобы предотвратить сгибание пальца. Общим правилом при этом является наложение шины на сочленении выше  травмированного сустава и на сочленении ниже его, например, при переломе предплечья, шину следовало бы наложить выше локтя и ниже запястья.

Второй способ – это обездвижение руки посредством её привязки к груди.
 
Эти методы наложения шины являются лишь временной мерой первой медицинской помощи до приезда врача. 
 

Дисплазия бедра – это состояние, вызванное аномальным ростом тазобедренного сустава, при котором верхняя часть бедренной кости не плотно входит в вертлужную впадину. Дисплазия может поразить одно или оба тазобедренных сустава. Бедренная кость может свободно вмещаться в вертлужную впадину (подвывих) или полностью не входить в нее (вывих). Наибольшую предрасположенность к поражению имеет левое бедро. Дисплазии бедра девочки подвергаются чаще, чем мальчики.

Признаки дисплазии могут наблюдаться при рождении. Признаки дисплазии бедра при рождении не наблюдаются в редких случаях, однако состояние развивается спустя первые несколько недель или месяцев после рождения. Точная причина дисплазии бедра неизвестна, но она может быть связана с положением младенца перед рождением, во время рождения (роды при ягодичном предлежании) или после рождения. Дисплазию бедра также может вызвать повышенное количество гормонов, отвечающих за расслабление связок матери во время беременности.

У детей с диагнозом дисплазия бедра могут быть:

  • Отсутствие заметных признаков дисплазии. 
  • Лишние кожные складки на внутренней стороне одного бедра по сравнению с другим бедром. Кожные складки не выглядят симметрично на каждом бедре.
  • Повернутые в сторону пальцы ноги вследствие того, что мышцы пораженной ноги вырывают бедренную кость из тазобедренного сустава, тем самым, выворачивая ногу наружу. 
  • Снижение подвижности или гибкости движения пораженного тазобедренного сустава. 
  • Одна нога короче другой.

В некоторых случаях признаки дисплазии бедра не проявляются, пока ребенок не начнет ходить. При этомребенок:

  • В положении стоя одно бедро поднято выше другого, поэтому одна нога короче другой. Короткая нога – пораженная сторона. 
  • Ходит на пальцах одной ноги с поднятой пяткой, пытаясь урегулировать разницу в длине ног. 
  • Хромает при ходьбе.

Лечение дисплазии бедра зависит от возраста ребенка, от того, насколько легко сохранить бедренную кость на месте в вертлужной впадине, и от того, развились ли уже деформации. Лечение может включать применение шин, ремней, гипсовых слепков или операцию. При нелечении дисплазии в будущем может развиться боль в спине или разрушение тазобедренного сустава (дегенерация бедра).