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Contents

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Nerve damage that occurs in people with diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy. This condition is a complicaiton of diabetes.

Causes

In people with diabetes, the body's nerves can be damaged by decreased blood flow and a high blood sugar level. This condition is more likely when blood sugar level is not well controlled.

About half of people with diabetes develop nerve damage. Symptoms often do not begin until many years after diabetes has been diagnosed. Some persons who have diabetes that develops slowly already have nerve damage when they are first diagnosed.

Diabetes can damage the nerves and cause a complication called neuropathy. This generally begins as loss of sensation in the toes, and possibly fingers. Eventually, the neuropathy can move up the person's legs or arms.

Symptoms

Symptoms often develop slowly over many years. The types of symptoms you have depend on the nerves that are affected.

When the nerves that control digestion are affected, you may have trouble digesting food. This can make your diabetes harder to control. Symptoms of digestion problems include:

• Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food
• Heartburn and bloating
• Nausea, constipation, or diarrhea
• Swallowing problems
• Throwing up undigested food a few hours after a meal

When nerves in the arms and legs are affected, symptoms often start in the toes and feet, and include tingling or burning, or deep aching pain. As the damage gets worse, you will likely lose feeling in your arms and legs. Because of this, you may:

• Not notice when you step on something sharp
• Not know that you have a blister or small cut
• Not notice when your feet or hands touch something that is too hot or cold

When nerves in your heart and blood vessels are damaged, you may:

• Feel light-headed when you stand up (orthostatic hypotension)
• Have a fast heart rate
• Not notice angina, the chest pain that warns of heart disease and heart attack

Other symptoms of nerve damage are:

• Sexual problems, which cause erection problems in men and vaginal dryness or orgasm problems in women
• Not being able to tell when your blood sugar gets too low
• Bladder problems, which cause urine leakage or not being able to empty the bladder.
• Sweating too much, even when the temperature is cool, or at rest, or other unusual times

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will do a physical exam. The exam may find that you have the following:

• No or weak reflexes in the ankle
• Loss of feeling in the feet (this is checked with a brush-like instrument called a monofilament)
• Changes in the skin
• Loss of the ability to sense movement of your joints (proprioception)
• Drop in blood pressure when you stand up after sitting or lying down

Tests that may be ordered include:

• Electromyogram (EMG), a recording of electrical activity in muscles
• Nerve conduction velocity tests (NCV), a recording of the speed at which signals travel along nerves
• Gastric emptying study to check how fast food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine
• Tilt table study to check if the nervous system is properly controlling blood pressure

Treatment

Follow your health care provider's advice on how to slow diabetic nerve damage.

Control your blood sugar (glucose) level by:

• Eating healthy foods
• Getting regular exercise
• Checking it as often as instructed and keeping a record of your numbers so that you know the things that affect you level
• Taking medicine or insulin as instructed by your health care provider

To treat the symptoms of nerve damage, your health care provider may prescribe medicines to treat:

• Pain in your feet, legs, or arms
• Nausea, vomiting or other digestion problems
• Bladder problems
• Erection problems or vaginal dryness

When you have nerve damage in your feet, the feeling in your feet can be reduced. You can even have no feeling at all. As a result, your feet may not heal well if they are injured. Caring for your feet can prevent minor problems from becoming so serious that you end up in the hospital.

Caring for your feet includes:

• Checking and caring for your feet every day
• Getting a foot exam each time you see your health care provider
• Wearing the right kind of socks and shoes (ask your health care provider about this)

Outlook (Prognosis)

Treatment relieves pain and controls some symptoms.

Other problems that may develop:

• Bladder or kidney infection
• Diabetes foot ulcers
• Nerve damage that hides the symptoms of chest pain (angina) that warns of heart disease and a heart attack
• Loss of a toe, foot or leg

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you develop any symptoms of diabetic neuropathy.

Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000693.htm

Contents

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

Possible Complications

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Prevention

Osteomalacia is softening of the bones. It most often occurs because of a problem with vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium. Your body needs calcium to maintain the strength and hardness of your bones.

In children, the condition is called rickets.

Causes

A lack of the proper amount of calcium leads to weak and soft bones.

Vitamin D is absorbed from food or produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Lack of vitamin D produced by the skin may occur in people who:

·         Live in climates with little exposure to sunlight

·         Must stay indoors

·         Work indoors during the daylight hours

·         Wear clothes that cover most of their skin

·         Have dark skin pigmentation 

·         Use very strong sunscreen

You may not get enough vitamin D from your diet if you:

·         Are lactose intolerant (have trouble digesting milk products)

·         Do not eat or drink milk products (more common in older adults)

·         Follow a vegetarian diet

·         Are not able to absorb vitamin D well in the intestines, such as after gastric bypass surgery

Other conditions that may cause osteomalacia include:

·         Cancer

·         Kidney failure and acidosis

·         Lack of enough phosphates in the diet

·         Liver disease, and therefore cannot convert vitamin D to its active form

·         Side effects of medicines used to treat seizures

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

·         Bone fractures that happen without a real injury

·         Muscle weakness

·         Widespread bone pain, especially in the hips

Symptoms may also occur due to low calcium level. These include:

·         Numbness around the mouth

·         Numbness of the arms and legs

·         Spasms of the hands or feet

Exams and Tests

Blood tests will be done to check vitamin D, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, electrolytes, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone levels.

Bone x-rays and a bone density test can help detect pseudofractures, bone loss, and bone softening. More importantly, osteomalacia can look like weakening of the bones from osteoporosis on bone density testing.

In some cases, a bone biopsy will be done to see if bone softening is present.

Treatment

Treatment may involve vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplements taken by mouth. People who cannot absorb nutrients well through the intestines may need larger doses of vitamin D and calcium. This includes people who have some types of weight loss surgery.

People with certain conditions may need regular blood tests to monitor blood levels of phosphorus and calcium.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Some people with vitamin deficiency disorders will get better within a few weeks. With treatment, healing should happen within 6 months.

Possible Complications

Symptoms can return.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of osteomalacia, or if you think that you may be at risk for this disorder.

Prevention

Eating a diet rich in vitamin D and getting plenty of sunlight and calcium can help prevent osteomalacia due to a vitamin D deficiency.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000376.htm