анафилактический шок

Table of content

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

Possible Complications

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Prevention

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening type of allergic reaction.

Causes

Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen. An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction.

After being exposed to a substance such as bee sting venom, the person's immune system becomes sensitized to it. When the person is exposed to that allergen again, an allergic reaction may occur. Anaphylaxis happens quickly after the exposure. The condition is severe and involves the whole body.

Tissues in different parts of the body release histamine and other substances. This causes the airways to tighten and leads to other symptoms.

Some drugs (morphine, x-ray dye, aspirin, and others) may cause an anaphylactic-like reaction (anaphylactoid reaction) when people are first exposed to them. These reactions are not the same as the immune system response that occurs with true anaphylaxis. But, the symptoms, risk of complications, and treatment are the same for both types of reactions.

Anaphylaxis can occur in response to any allergen. Common causes include:

• Drug allergies
• Food allergies
• Insect bites/stings

Pollen and other inhaled allergens rarely cause anaphylaxis. Some people have an anaphylactic reaction with no known cause.

Anaphylaxis is life-threatening and can occur at any time. Risks include a history of any type of allergic reaction.

Symptoms

Symptoms develop quickly, often within seconds or minutes. They may include any of the following:

• Abdominal pain
• Feeling anxious
• Chest discomfort or tightness
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, or high-pitched breathing sounds
• Difficulty swallowing
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Hives, itchiness, redness of the skin
• Nasal congestion
• Nausea or vomiting
• Palpitations
• Slurred speech
• Swelling of the face, eyes, or tongue
• Unconsciousness

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will examine the person and ask about what might have caused the condition.

Tests for the allergen that caused anaphylaxis (if the cause is not obvious) may be done after treatment.

Treatment

Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that needs medical attention right away. Call 911 immediately.

Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation, which are known as the ABC's of Basic Life Support. A warning sign of dangerous throat swelling is a very hoarse or whispered voice, or coarse sounds when the person is breathing in air. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.

1.      Call 911.

2.      Calm and reassure the person.

3.      If the allergic reaction is from a bee sting, scrape the stinger off the skin with something firm (such as a fingernail or plastic credit card). Do not use tweezers. Squeezing the stinger will release more venom.

4.      If the person has emergency allergy medicine on hand, help the person take or inject it. Do not give medicine through the mouth if the person is having difficulty breathing.

5.      Take steps to prevent shock. Have the person lie flat, raise the person's feet about 12 inches, and cover the person with a coat or blanket. Do not place the person in this position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected, or if it causes discomfort.

DO NOT:

• Do not assume that any allergy shots the person has already received will provide complete protection.
• Do not place a pillow under the person's head if they are having trouble breathing. This can block the airways.
• Do not give the person anything by mouth if they are having trouble breathing.

Paramedics or other providers may place a tube through the nose or mouth into the airways. Or emergency surgery will be done to place a tube directly into the trachea.

The person may receive medicines to further reduce symptoms.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening without prompt treatment. Symptoms usually do get better with the right therapy, so it is important to act right away.

Possible Complications

Without prompt treatment, anaphylaxis may result in:

• Blocked airway
• Cardiac arrest (no effective heartbeat)
• Respiratory arrest (no breathing)
• Shock

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call 911 if you or someone you know develops severe symptoms of anaphylaxis. Or, go to the nearest emergency room.

Prevention

To prevent allergic reactions and anaphylaxis:

• Avoid triggers such as foods and medicines that have caused an allergic reaction in the past. Ask detailed questions about ingredients when you are eating away from home. Also carefully examine ingredient labels.
• If you have a child who is allergic to certain foods, introduce one new food at a time in small amounts so you can recognize an allergic reaction.
• People who know that they have had serious allergic reactions should wear a medical ID tag.
• If you have a history of serious allergic reactions, carry emergency medicines (such as a chewable antihistamine and injectable epinephrine or a bee sting kit) according to your provider's instructions.
• Do not use your injectable epinephrine on anyone else. They may have a condition (such as a heart problem) that could be worsened by this drug.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000844.htm

Contents

Immunization Schedule

Why the Vaccine Is Recommended

Possible Risks

When to Delay or Avoid Immunization

Caring for Your Child After Immunization

When to Call the Doctor

The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine protects against:

• Diphtheria: a serious infection of the throat that can block the airway and cause severe breathing difficulty
• Tetanus (lockjaw): a nerve disease, which can occur at any age, caused by toxin-producing bacteria contaminating a wound
• Pertussis (whooping cough): a respiratory illness with cold symptoms that progress to severe coughing (the "whooping" sound occurs when the child breathes in deeply after a severe coughing bout). Serious complications of pertussis can occur in children under 1 year of age, and those under 6 months old are especially at risk. Teens and adults with a persistent cough might not realize they have pertussis, and could pass it to vulnerable infants.

Immunization Schedule

DTaP immunizations are given as a series of five injections, usually administered at ages:

• 2 months
• 4 months
• 6 months
• 15–18 months
• 4–6 years

After the initial series of immunizations, a vaccine called Tdap (the booster shot) should be given at ages 11 to 12, or to older teens and adults who haven't yet received a booster with pertussis coverage. Then, Td (tetanus and diphtheria) boosters are recommended every 10 years. Pregnant women should also get the Tdap vaccine in the second half of each pregnancy, even if they've been vaccinated in the past. And Tdap can be given after a deep cut or severe burn to prevent tetanus infection.

Why the Vaccine Is Recommended

Use of the DTaP vaccine has virtually eliminated diphtheria and tetanus in childhood and has markedly reduced the number of pertussis cases.

Possible Risks

The vaccine frequently causes mild side effects: fever; mild crankiness; tiredness; loss of appetite; and tenderness, redness, or swelling in the area where the shot was given.

Rarely, a child may have a seizure or cry uncontrollably after getting the vaccine. But these sorts of side effects are so rare that researchers question whether they're even caused by the vaccine. Most kids have a few minor or no side effects.

When to Delay or Avoid Immunization

The vaccine is not recommended if your child is currently sick, although simple colds or other minor illnesses should not prevent immunization.

Talk to your doctor about whether getting the vaccine is a good idea if your child experienced any of the following after an earlier DTaP shot:

• a brain or nervous-system problem, like a seizure
• the worsening of a seizure disorder
• an allergic reaction, like mouth, throat, or facial swelling
• fever of 105°F (40.5°C) or higher during the first 2 days after injection
• collapse or a "shock"-like state during the first 2 days after injection
• persistent, uncontrolled crying that lasts for more than 3 hours during the first 2 days after injection

Your doctor might decide to just give a partial vaccine or no vaccine, or may determine that the benefits of vaccinating your child outweigh the potential risks.

Caring for Your Child After Immunization

Your child may experience fever, soreness, and some swelling and redness in the area where the shot was given. Depending on your child's age, pain and fever may be treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Check with your doctor to see if you can give either medication, and to find out the appropriate dose.

A warm, damp cloth or a heating pad also can help reduce soreness. Moving or using the limb that has received the injection often reduces the soreness.

When to Call the Doctor

• Call if you aren't sure whether the vaccine should be postponed or avoided. Children who have had certain problems with the DTaP vaccine usually can safely receive the Td (tetanus and diphtheria) vaccine.
• Call if complications or severe symptoms develop after immunization, including seizures, fever above 105°F (40.5°C), difficulty breathing or other signs of allergy, shock or collapse, or uncontrolled crying for more than 3 hours.

Source: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/dtap-vaccine.html?ref=search