озноб

Мазмұны

Жалпы ақпарат

Себептері

Симптомдары

Диагностика

Емдеу

Аурудың болжамы

Мүмкін асқынулары

Қашан дәрігерге көріну қажет

Алдын алу

Жалпы ақпарат

Парвовирустық инфекция (бесінші ауру) – бетте, қол-аяқта бөріткен пайда болуына апаратын  вирустық инфекциялық ауру.

Ауру көбінесе, мектепке дейінгі және мектеп жасындағы балаларда көктем кезінде байқалады. Ауру ауа-тамшы жолымен таралады және жеңіл түрде өтеді.

Себептері

Ауру адамның B19 парвовирусымен жұқпалануда пайда болады.

Симптомдары

Парвовирустық инфекция кезінде келесі симптомдар байқалады:

• Ашық түсті теңбіл бөріткен алдымен беттің ұшында пайда болады (бетті «алау» шалғандай). Одан кейін денеге, қол-аяққа тарайды. Парвовирустық инфекцияда ортадан шетке қарай жойылады, тор-шілтер тәрізденеді. Бөріткен 1-2 апта ішінде толығымен өтеді.
• Қызба
• Буынның ауырсынуы
• Уақытша анемия (қанда функционалдық толыққұнды қызыл жасушалар-эритроциттердің мөлшері төмендейтін жағдай).

Диагностика

Ауруды анықтау үшін дәрігердің қарауы жеткілікті, себебі, парвовирустық инфекцияның тек өзіне ғана тән бөріткені болады. В19 парвовирусына қарсы антиденелерге (қандағы ақуыздық қосылыстар, олар бактериялар мен вирустар секілді бөгде организмдерді анықтап, жоюға мүмкіндік береді) қант талдауы диагнозды нақтылай алады.

Емдеу

Парвовирустық  инфекция кезінде арнайы емдеу қажет болмайды. Егер балада қызба болса, жағдайды жақсарту үшін қызуды түсіретін кез келген препарат берілуі мүмкін.

Аурудың болжамы

Көпшілік жағдайда қандай да бір асқынусыз толық сауығу орын алады. 

Мүмкін асқынулары

Балаларда ауру жиі жеңіл түрде өтсе де, кейде сирек асқынулар болады, алайда, егер парвовирустық инфекцияға жүкті әйел шалдықса, бұл ұрықтың дамуында күрделі бұзылыстарға апаруы мүмкін.

Қашан дәрігерге көріну қажет

Парвовирустық  инфекцияға күмән болатын жүкті әйел тезірек дәрігердің кеңесін алуы тиіс.

Алдын алу

Жұқпаланудың алдын алу үшін тамақ ішердің алдында және науқастармен қатынастан кейін қолды мұқият жуу қажет. 

Content

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

Prevention

Sepsis is an illness in which the body has a severe response to bacteria or other germs.

This response may be called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Causes

The symptoms of sepsis are not caused by the germs themselves. Instead, chemicals the body releases cause the response.

A bacterial infection anywhere in the body may set off the response that leads to sepsis. Common places where an infection might start include the:

·       Bloodstream

·       Bones (common in children)

·       Bowel (usually seen with peritonitis)

·       Kidneys (upper urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis)

·       Lining of the brain (meningitis)

·       Liver or gallbladder

·       Lungs (bacterial pneumonia)

·       Skin (cellulitis)

For patients in the hospital, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, surgical wounds, surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown, known as bedsores or pressure ulcers.

Symptoms

In sepsis, blood pressure drops, resulting in shock. Major organs and body systems, including the kidneys, liver, lungs, and central nervous system stop working properly because of poor blood flow.

A change in mental status and very fast breathing may be the earliest signs of sepsis.

In general, symptoms of sepsis can include:

·       Chills

·       Confusion or delirium

·       Fever or low body temperature (hypothermia)

·       Light-headedness due to low blood pressure

·       Rapid heartbeat

·       Shaking

·       Skin rash

·       Warm skin

Bruising or bleeding may also occur.

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will examine the person and ask about the person's medical history.

The infection is often confirmed by a blood test. But a blood test may not reveal infection in people who have been receiving antibiotics. Some infections that can cause sepsis cannot be diagnosed by a blood test.

Other tests that may be done include:

·       Blood differential

·       Blood gases

·       Kidney function tests

·       Platelet count and fibrin degradation products, to check for bleeding risk

·       White blood cell count

Treatment

A person with sepsis will be admitted to a hospital, usually in the intensive care unit (ICU). Antibiotics are usually given through a vein (intravenously).

Oxygen is given to the person. Large amounts of fluids are given through a vein. Other medical treatments include:

·       Medicines that increase blood pressure

·       Dialysis if there is kidney failure

·       A breathing machine (mechanical ventilation) if there is lung failure

Outlook (Prognosis)

Sepsis is often life threatening, especially in people with a weakened immune system or a long-term (chronic) illness.

Damage caused by a drop in blood flow to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys may take time to improve. There may be long-term problems with these organs.

Not all patients survive an episode of sepsis.

Prevention

The risk of sepsis can be reduced by getting all recommended vaccines.

In the hospital, careful hand washing can help prevent infections that lead to sepsis. Prompt removal of urinary catheters and IV lines when they are no longer needed can also help prevent infections that lead to sepsis.

Source https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000666.htm

Should I try to lower my child's fever?

Fevers are a sign that the body is fighting germs that cause infection. If your child is between 3 months of age and 3 years of age and has a low-grade fever (up 38.8°C), you may want to avoid giving him or her medicine. If your child is achy and fussy, and his or her temperature is above 38.8°C, you may want to give him or her some medicine.

If your baby is younger than 3 months of age and has a temperature of 38°C or higher, call the doctor or go to the emergency room right away. A fever can be a sign of a serious infection in young babies.

What kind of medicine should I give my child, and how much?

Do not give any medicine to babies who are younger than 2 months of age without talking to your doctor first.

Acetaminophen relieves pain and lowers fever. Check the package label or ask your doctor about the correct dosage for your child. The correct dosage depends on your child’s weight and age.

Ibuprofen is another medicine that can be used to lower a fever in children older than 6 months of age. Talk to your doctor before giving ibuprofe to your child. Your doctor will tell you the correct dose for your child.

Tips on giving medicine

• Don't give more than 5 doses in 1 day.
• Don't give a baby younger than 2 months of age any medicine unless your doctor tells you to.
• Read package labels carefully. Make sure you are giving your child the right amount of medicine.
• For liquid medicines, use a special liquid measuring device to be sure you give the right dose. Get one at your drug store or ask your pharmacist. An ordinary kitchen teaspoon may not hold the right amount of medicine.

Can I give my child aspirin to lower his or her fever?

No. In rare cases, aspirin can cause Reye's syndrome in children. Reye's syndrome is a serious illness that can lead to death. Doctors recommend that parents should not give aspirin to children younger than 18 years of age.

What else can I do to help my child feel better?

• Give your child plenty of fluids to drink to prevent dehydration (not enough fluid in the body) and help the body cool itself. Water, clear soups, popsicles and flavored gelatin are good choices.
• If your child is getting enough fluids, don’t force him or her to eat if he or she doesn’t feel like it.
• Make sure your child gets plenty of rest.
• Keep the room temperature at about 21 – 23⁰C
• Dress your child in light cotton pajamas. Overdressing can trap body heat and cause your child's temperature to rise.
• If your child has chills, give him or her an extra blanket. Remove it when the chills stop.

Will a bath help lower my child's fever?

Giving your child acetaminophen and a lukewarm bath may help lower his or her fever. Give the acetaminophen before the bath. If the bath is given without medicine, your child may start shivering as his or her body tries to raise its temperature again. This may make your child feel worse. Never use rubbing alcohol or cold water for baths.

Fifth disease is an illness caused by a virus that leads to a rash on the cheeks, arms, and legs.

Causes

Fifth disease is caused by human parvovirus B19. It often affects preschoolers or school-age children during the spring. The disease is spread by contact with respiratory secretions.

The first sign of the disease is usually bright red cheeks, which look as though the child has been recently slapped on both sides of the face. Following this, a rash appears on the arms and legs and middle of the body. The rash fades from the center outwards, giving it a lacy appearance. Over a period of 1 to 2 weeks, the rash completely goes away.

Fifth disease is also sometimes associated with fever.

If a pregnant woman becomes infected with parvovirus B19, it can cause significant harm to her unborn baby. Any pregnant woman who believes that she may have been in contact with a person who has this virus should talk to her health care provider.

Parvovirus B19 is also thought to cause other diseases, including an infectious form of arthritis.

The majority of adults seem to have antibodies to parvovirus B19 in their bodies. This indicates that most people have been exposed to the virus, and also suggests that many infections go unnoticed.

Symptoms

• Rash

• First appears on the cheeks, often looks like "slapped cheeks"

• Spreads to the arms and legs about 1 day later, often has a "lacy" appearance

• Fever

• Joint pain

• Temporary anemia -- this is only serious if the patient has an immune system problem and some other, existing form of anemia

Exams and tests

Fifth disease causes a very distinct rash. Your health care provider will examine the appearance and pattern of the rash. This is usually all that is needed to make a diagnosis.

Blood tests that look for antibodies against parvovirus B19 may indicate infection. However, these tests are usually not needed, although they may be helpful in the diagnosis of aplastic crisis and persistent anemia.

Testing may also be done when there is a question of whether a pregnant woman has been exposed to the virus.

Treatment

No treatment is usually required for fifth disease in children. If fever or joint discomfort is present, then oral acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) may be given.

Outlook (prognosis)

Since this is a mild and generally benign viral infection, complete recovery can be expected.

Содержание

Должна ли я попытаться снизить температуру у ребенка?

Какой лекарственный препарат я могу дать ребенку?

Советы по приему лекарственных препаратов

Могу ли я дать ребенку аспирин с целью снижения его температуры?

Что еще я могу сделать, чтобы мой ребенок чувствовал себя лучше?

Может ли прием ванны помочь снизить жар?

Должна ли я попытаться снизить температуру у ребенка?

Лихорадка - признак того, что организм борется с микробами, вызывающими инфекцию. Если у вашего ребенка в возрасте от 3 месяцев до 3 лет субфебрильная температура тела (до 38,8 ° C), вы можете не давать ему лекарства. Назначение лекарственных препаратов рекомендовано при повышении температуры тела выше 38,8 ° С.

Если у ребенка младше 3-месячного возраста отмечается повышение температуры тела выше 38°С, незамедлительно обратитесь к врачу или в службу оказания неотложной медицинской помощи. У маленьких детей лихорадка может быть признаком тяжелой инфекции.

Какой лекарственный препарат я могу дать ребенку?

Не давайте никаких лекарств детям младше 2-месячного возраста, предварительно не посоветовавшись с врачом.

Ацетаминофен снимает боль и снижает жар. Проконсультируйтесь с врачом о дозировке препарата, подходящей для вашего ребенка. Дозировка рассчитывается соответственно весу и возрасту вашего ребенка.

Другим препаратом для снижения температуры у детей старше 6 месяцев является ибупрофен. Проконсультируйтесь с врачом, прежде чем давать ибупрофен вашему ребенку. Врач подскажет вам правильную дозу препарата, необходимую вашему ребенку.

Советы по приему лекарственных препаратов

• Не давайте детям более 5 доз препарата в день.
• Не давайте детям младше 2 месяцев никаких лекарств, не назначенных врачом.
• Внимательно изучайте инструкцию к препарату. Убедитесь, что вы даете вашему ребенку правильное количество препарата.
• Для правильного измерения дозировки жидких лекарственных средств используйте специальный мерный стаканчик или ложку. Их можно приобрести в аптеке. При использовании обычной чайной ложки можно ошибиться с количеством препарата.

Могу ли я дать ребенку аспирин с целью снижения его температуры?

Нет. В редких случаях аспирин может привести к развитию у детей синдрома Рейе. Это серьезное заболевание, которое может привести к смерти. Врачи рекомендуют не давать аспирин детям младше 18 лет.

Что еще я могу сделать, чтобы мой ребенок чувствовал себя лучше?

• Для предотвращения обезвоживания организма давайте ребенку больше жидкости. Хорошим выбором является вода, бульоны, фруктовое мороженое и ароматизированный желатин.
• Если ребенок получает достаточное количество жидкости, не заставляйте его есть, если он этого не хочет.
• Убедитесь, что ребенок достаточно отдыхает.
• Поддерживайте температуру в комнате на уровне 21 – 23⁰C
• Оденьте ребенка в легкую хлопковую пижаму. Из-за чрезмерного укутывания организм перегревается, и это может привести к повышению температуры тела
• Если у ребенка есть озноб, дайте ему дополнительное одеяло. Снимите одеяло при прекращении озноба.

Может ли прием ванны помочь снизить жар?

Прием ацетаминофена и теплой ванны может помочь снизить у ребенка жар. Дайте ацетаминофен перед ванной. Если ребенок начнет принимать ванну без предварительного приема препарата, он может начать дрожать, и его организм снова пытается повысить температуру. Это может ухудшить состояние вашего ребенка. Следует помнить, что прием ванны с холодной водой и обтирание ребенка спиртом запрещены.