аллергическая реакция

Contents

Considerations

Causes

Home Care

When to Contact a Medical Professional

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Painless swelling of the feet and ankles is a common problem, especially among older people.

Abnormal buildup of fluid in the ankles, feet, and legs can cause swelling. This fluid buildup and swelling is called edema.

Considerations

Painless swelling may affect both legs and may include the calves or even the thighs. The effect of gravity makes the swelling most noticeable in the lower part of the body.

Causes

Foot, leg, and ankle swelling is common when the person also:

·         Is overweight

·         Has a blood clot in the leg

·         Is older

·         Has a leg infection

·         Has veins in the legs that cannot properly pump blood back to the heart

Injury or surgery involving the leg, ankle, or foot can also cause swelling. Swelling may also occur after pelvic surgery, especially for cancer.

Long airplane flights or car rides, as well as standing for long periods of time, often lead to some swelling in the feet and ankles.

Swelling may occur in women who take estrogen, or during parts of the menstrual cycle. Most women have some swelling during pregnancy. More severe swelling during pregnancy may be a sign of preeclampsia, a serious condition that includes high blood pressure and swelling.

Swollen legs may be a sign of heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure. In these conditions, there is too much fluid in the body.

Certain medicines may also cause your legs to swell. Some of these are:

·         Antidepressants, including MAO inhibitors and tricyclics

·         Blood pressure medicines called calcium channel blockers

·         Hormones, such as estrogen (in birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy) and testosterone

·         Steroids

Home Care

Some tips that may help reduce swelling:

·         Put your legs on pillows to raise them above your heart while lying down.

·         Exercise your legs. This helps pump fluid from your legs back to your heart.

·         Follow a low-salt diet, which may reduce fluid buildup and swelling.

·         Wear support stockings (sold at most drugstores and medical supply stores).

·         When traveling, take breaks often to stand up and move around.

·         Avoid wearing tight clothing or garters around your thighs.

·         Lose weight if you need to.

Never stop taking any medicines you think may be causing swelling without first talking to your health care provider.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call 911 if:

·         You feel short of breath.

·         You have chest pain, especially if it feels like pressure or tightness.

Call your provider right away if:

·         You have heart disease or kidney disease and the swelling gets worse.

·         You have a history of liver disease and now have swelling in your legs or abdomen.

·         Your swollen foot or leg is red or warm to the touch.

·         You have a fever.

·         You are pregnant and have more than just mild swelling or have a sudden increase in swelling.

Also call your provider if self-care measures do not help or swelling gets worse.

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Your provider will take a medical history and do a thorough physical examination, paying special attention to your heart, lungs, abdomen, lymph nodes, legs, and feet.

Your provider will ask questions like the following:

·         What body parts swell? Your ankles, feet, legs? Above the knee or below?

·         Do you have swelling at all times or is it worse in the morning or evening?

·         What makes your swelling better?

·         What makes your swelling worse?

·         Does the swelling get better when you raise your legs?

·         Have you had blood clots in your legs or lungs?

·         Have you had varicose veins?

·         What other symptoms do you have?

Diagnostic tests that may be done include:

·         Blood tests such as a CBC or blood chemistry

·         Chest x-ray or extremity x-ray

·         Doppler ultrasound examination of your leg veins

·         ECG

·         Urinalysis

Your treatment will focus on the cause of the swelling. Your provider may prescribe diuretics to reduce the swelling, but these can have side effects. Home treatment for leg swelling that is not related to a serious medical condition should be tried before drug therapy.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003104.htm

Contents

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Angioedema is swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface.

Hives are often called welts. They are a surface swelling. It is possible to have angioedema without hives.

Causes

Angioedema may be caused by an allergic reaction. During the reaction, histamine and other chemicals are released into the bloodstream. The body releases histamine when the immune system detects a foreign substance called an allergen.

In most cases, the cause of angioedema is never found.

The following may cause angioedema:

·         Animal dander (scales of shed skin)

·         Exposure to water, sunlight, cold or heat

·         Foods (such as berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, and milk)

·         Insect bites

·         Medicines (drug allergy) such as antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa drugs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors)

·         Pollen

Hives and angioedema may also occur after infections or with other illnesses (including autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and leukemia and lymphoma).

A form of angioedema runs in families and has different triggers, complications, and treatments. This is called hereditary angioedema.

Symptoms

The main symptom is sudden swelling below the skin surface. Welts or swelling on the surface of the skin can also develop.

The swelling usually occurs around the eyes and lips. It may also be found on the hands, feet, and throat. The swelling may form a line or be more spread out.

The welts are painful and may be itchy. This is known as hives (urticaria). They turn pale and swell if irritated. The deeper swelling of angioedema may also be painful.

Other symptoms may include:

·         Abdominal cramping

·         Breathing difficulty

·         Swollen eyes and mouth

·         Swollen lining of the eyes (chemosis)

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will look at your skin and ask if you have been exposed to any irritating substances. If your throat is affected, a physical exam might reveal abnormal sounds (stridor) when you breathe in.

Blood tests or allergy testing may be ordered.

Treatment

Mild symptoms may not need treatment. Moderate to severe symptoms may need to be treated. Breathing difficulty is an emergency condition.

People with angioedema should:

·         Avoid any known allergen or trigger that causes their symptoms.

·         Avoid any medicines, herbs, or supplements that are not prescribed by a provider.

Cool compresses or soaks can relieve pain.

Medicines used to treat angioedema include:

·         Antihistamines

·         Anti-inflammatory medicines (corticosteroids)

·         Epinephrine shots (people with a history of severe symptoms can carry these with them)

·         Inhaler medicines that help open up the airways

If the person has trouble breathing, seek medical help right away. A severe, life-threatening airway blockage may occur if the throat swells.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Angioedema that does not affect the breathing may be uncomfortable. It is usually harmless and goes away in a few days.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if:

·         Angioedema does not respond to treatment

·         It is severe

·         You have never had angioedema before

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if there are any of the following symptoms:

·         Abnormal breathing sounds

·         Difficulty breathing or wheezing

·         Fainting

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000846.htm

Content

Mild symptoms

More-severe symptoms

Anaphylactic shock symptoms

When to see a doctor

Connection between food allergy and latex allergy

What you can do

What to expect from your doctor

What you can do in the meantime

Latex allergy is a reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex, a product made from a milky fluid from rubber trees. If you have a latex allergy, your body mistakes latex for a harmful substance.

Latex allergy may cause allergic reactions ranging from skin irritation to anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Your doctor can determine if you have a latex allergy or if you're at risk of developing a latex allergy.

Understanding latex allergy and knowing common sources of latex can help you prevent allergic reactions.

If you're allergic to latex, you're likely to react after being in contact with the latex in rubber gloves or by inhaling airborne latex particles released when someone removes latex gloves. Latex allergy symptoms range from mild to severe, depending on your sensitivity and the degree of latex allergen exposure. Your reaction can worsen with repeated latex exposure.

Mild symptoms

Mild latex allergy symptoms include:

• Itching

• Skin redness

• Hives or rash

More-severe symptoms

These include:

• Sneezing

• Runny nose

• Itchy, watery eyes

• Scratchy throat

• Difficulty breathing

• Wheezing

• Cough

Anaphylactic shock symptoms

The most serious allergic reaction to latex is an anaphylactic (an-uh-fuh-LAK-tik) response, which can be deadly. Anaphylactic reactions develop immediately after latex exposure in highly sensitive people, but anaphylaxis rarely happens the first time you're exposed.

Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

• Difficulty breathing

• Hives or swelling

• Nausea and vomiting

• Wheezing

• Drop in blood pressure

• Dizziness

• Loss of consciousness

• Confusion

• Rapid or weak pulse

When to see a doctor

Seek emergency medical care if you think you're having an anaphylactic reaction.

If you have less severe reactions after exposure to latex, talk to your doctor. If possible, see your doctor when you're reacting, which will aid in diagnosis.

In a latex allergy, your immune system identifies latex as a harmful substance and triggers certain antibodies to fight the allergen. The next time you're exposed to latex, the antibodies signal your immune system to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream, producing a range of signs and symptoms. The more exposure you have to latex, the more strongly your immune system is likely to respond (sensitization).

Latex allergy can occur in these ways:

• Direct contact. The most common cause of latex allergy involves touching latex-containing products, including latex gloves, condoms and balloons.

• Inhalation. Latex products, especially gloves, shed latex particles, which you can breathe in when they become airborne. The amount of airborne latex from gloves differs greatly depending on the brand of glove used.

It's possible to have other reactions to latex that aren't allergies to the latex itself. They include:

• Allergic contact dermatitis. This reaction to the chemical additives used during manufacturing produces signs and symptoms — usually a skin rash similar to that of poison ivy, including blisters — 24 to 48 hours after contact.

• Irritant contact dermatitis. Not an allergy, this form of dermatitis most likely is an irritation caused by wearing rubber gloves or exposure to the powder inside them. Signs and symptoms include dry, itchy, irritated areas, usually on the hands.

Not all latex products are made from natural sources. Products containing man-made (synthetic) latex, such as latex paint, are unlikely to cause a reaction.

Certain people are at greater risk of developing a latex allergy:

• People with spina bifida. The risk of latex allergy is highest in people with spina bifida — a birth defect that affects the development of the spine. People with this disorder often are exposed to latex products through early and frequent health care.

• People who undergo multiple surgeries or medical procedures. Repeated exposure to latex gloves increases your risk of developing latex allergy.

• Health care workers. If you work in health care, you're at increased risk of developing an allergy.

• Rubber industry workers. Repeated exposure to latex may increase sensitivity.

• People with a personal or family history of allergies. You're at increased risk of latex allergy if you have other allergies — such as hay fever or a food allergy — or they're common in your family.

Connection between food allergy and latex allergy

Latex allergy also is related to certain foods, such as avocados, bananas, chestnuts, kiwis and passion fruits. These foods contain some of the same allergens found in latex. If you're allergic to latex, you have a greater chance of also being allergic to these foods.

You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in allergies (allergist).

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.

What you can do

• Write down your symptoms, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.

• Document any exposure to latex, when it occurred and what type of reaction you had.

• Write down key personal information, including major stresses or recent life changes.

• Make a list of all medications you're taking, including vitamins and supplements.

• Take a family member or friend, if possible. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.

• Write down questions to ask your doctor.

Preparing a list of questions before your appointment will help you make the most of your time with your doctor. For latex allergy, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:

• What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?

• What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?

• What tests do I need?

• What's the best treatment?

• What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?

• I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?

• How can I avoid contact with latex?

• Are there brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend?

Don't hesitate to ask other questions, as well.

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, including:

• When did your symptoms begin?

• Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?

• How severe are your symptoms?

• Do you have allergies, such as hay fever or allergies to certain foods?

• Is there a history of allergies in your family?

• Have you been exposed to latex products?

• If you had symptoms after wearing latex gloves, how long did it take for the symptoms to develop?

• What surgeries have you had and when?

What you can do in the meantime

If you suspect you have a latex allergy, try to avoid contact with anything that contains latex.

Your doctor will want to know your history of reacting to latex, as well as other allergy signs and symptoms you've experienced. Your doctor may conduct a physical examination to identify or exclude other medical problems.

He or she may also recommend one or both of the following tests:

• Skin test. In this test, small amounts of latex are placed on the skin of your forearm or back. Your skin is then pricked with a needle to allow a tiny amount of the applied latex beneath your skin surface. If you're allergic to latex or another substance being tested, you develop a raised bump. Allergists or other doctors experienced in skin testing should perform this test.

• Blood test. Your blood sample is sent to a medical laboratory, where it can be tested for sensitivity to latex.

Although medications are available to reduce the symptoms of latex allergy, there is no cure. The only way to prevent an allergic reaction is to avoid products that contain latex.

However, despite your best efforts to avoid latex, you may come into contact with it. If you've had a severe allergic reaction to latex, you may need to carry injectable epinephrine with you at all times. If you go into anaphylactic shock, you may need:

• An emergency injection of adrenaline (epinephrine)

• A trip to the emergency room

• Oxygen

• Corticosteroids

For less severe reactions, your doctor may prescribe antihistamines, which you can take after exposure to latex to control your reaction and help relieve discomfort.

Many common products contain latex, but most have suitable alternatives. Prevent an allergic reaction to latex by avoiding these products:

• Dishwashing gloves

• Some types of carpeting

• Clothing waistbands

• Balloons

• Rubber toys

• Hot water bottles

• Baby bottle nipples

• Some disposable diapers

• Rubber bands

• Erasers

• Condoms

• Diaphragms

• Swim goggles

• Racket handles

• Motorcycle and bicycle handgrips

• Blood pressure cuffs

• Stethoscopes

• Intravenous tubing

• Syringes

• Respirators

• Electrode pads

• Surgical masks

• Dental dams

Many health care facilities use nonlatex gloves. However, because other medical products may contain latex or rubber, be sure to tell doctors, nurses, dentists and other health care workers about your allergy before any exams or procedures. Wearing a medical alert bracelet can inform others of your latex allergy.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000292.htm

Allergic reactions are sensitivities to substances called allergens that come into contact with the skin, nose, eyes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. They can be breathed into the lungs, swallowed, or injected.

Considerations

Allergic reactions are common. The immune response that causes an allergic reaction is similar to the response that causes hay fever. Most reactions happen soon after contact with an allergen.

Many allergic reactions are mild, while others can be severe and life threatening. They can be confined to a small area of the body, or they may affect the entire body. The most severe form is called anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock. Allergic reactions occur more often in people who have a family history of allergies.

Substances that don't bother most people (such as venom from bee stings and certain foods, medicines, and pollens) can trigger allergic reactions in certain people.

First-time exposure may produce only a mild reaction. Repeated exposures may lead to more serious reactions. Once a person has had an exposure or an allergic reaction (is sensitized), even a very limited exposure to a very small amount of allergen can trigger a severe reaction.

Most severe allergic reactions occur within seconds or minutes after exposure to the allergen. Some reactions can occur after several hours, particularly if the allergen causes a reaction after it has been eaten. In very rare cases, reactions develop after 24 hours.

Anaphylaxis is a sudden and severe allergic reaction that occurs within minutes of exposure. Immediate medical attention is needed for this condition. Without treatment, anaphylaxis can get worse very quickly and lead to death within 15 minutes.

Causes

Common allergens include:

• Animal dander

• Bee stings or stings from other insects

• Foods, especially nuts, fish, and shellfish

• Insect bites

• Medicines

• Plants

• Pollens

Symptoms

Common symptoms of a mild allergic reaction include:

• Hives (especially over the neck and face)

• Itching

• Nasal congestion

• Rashes

• Watery, red eyes

 Dermographism close up

 Dermographism on arm

 Hives urticaria body

 Hives urticaria close up

 Hives urticaria

Symptoms of a moderate or severe reaction include:

• Abdominal pain

• Abnormal (high-pitched) breathing sounds

• Anxiety

• Chest discomfort or tightness

• Cough

• Diarrhea

• Difficulty breathing, wheezing

• Difficulty swallowing

• Dizziness or lightheadedness

• Flushing or redness of the face

• Nausea or vomiting

• Palpitations

• Swelling of the face, eyes, or tongue

• Unconsciousness

First Aid

For a mild to moderate reaction:

Calm and reassure the person having the reaction. Anxiety can make symptoms worse.

Try to identify the allergen and have the person avoid further contact with it.

1.      If the person develops an itchy rash, apply cool compresses and an over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream.

2.      Watch the person for signs of increasing distress.

3.      Get medical help. For a mild reaction, a health care provider may recommend over-the-counter medications, such as antihistamines.

For a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis):

Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation (the ABC's of Basic Life Support). A warning sign of dangerous throat swelling is a very hoarse or whispered voice, or coarse sounds when the person is breathing in air. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.

1.      Call Emergency.

2.      Calm and reassure the person.

3.      If the allergic reaction is from a bee sting, scrape the stinger off the skin with something firm (such as a fingernail or plastic credit card). Do not use tweezers -- squeezing the stinger will release more venom.

4.      If the person has emergency allergy medicine on hand, help the person take or inject the medicine. Avoid oral medicine if the person is having difficulty breathing.

5.      Take steps to prevent shock. Have the person lie flat, raise the person's feet about 12 inches (30 centimeters), and cover them with a coat or blanket. Do not place the person in this position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected or if it causes discomfort.

DO NOT

If a person is having an allergic reaction:

• Do not assume that any allergy shots the person has already received will provide complete protection.

• Do not place a pillow under the person's head if he or she is having trouble breathing. This can block the airways.

• Do not give the person anything by mouth if the person is having trouble breathing.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call for emergency medical assistance right away if:

• The person is having a severe allergic reaction. Do not wait to see if the reaction is getting worse.

• The person has a history of severe allergic reactions.

Prevention

To prevent allergic reactions:

• Avoid triggers such as foods and medicines that have caused an allergic reaction in the past. Ask detailed questions about ingredients when you are eating away from home. Carefully check ingredient labels.

• If you have a child who is allergic to certain foods, introduce 1 new food at a time in small amounts so you can recognize an allergic reaction.

• People who have had serious allergic reactions should wear a medical ID tag and carry emergency medicines according to your provider's instructions.

• Do not use your injectable epinephrine on anyone else. They may have a condition (such as a heart problem) that could be made worse by this drug.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000005.htm

Below is information about first aid that is required if you noticed allergic reaction.

For a mild to moderate allergic reaction:

Calm and reassure the person having the reaction. Anxiety can make symptoms worse.

Try to identify the allergen and have the person avoid further contact with it. If the allergic reaction is from a bee sting, scrape the stinger off the skin with something firm, such as a fingernail or plastic credit card. Do not use tweezers. Squeezing the stinger will release more venom.

1. If the person develops an itchy rash, apply cool compresses and an over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream.
2. Watch the person for signs of increasing distress.
3. Get medical help. For a mild reaction, a health care provider may recommend over-the-counter medications, such as antihistamines.

For a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation (the ABC's of Basic Life Support). A warning sign of dangerous throat swelling is a very hoarse or whispered voice, or coarse sounds when the person is breathing in air. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.

1. Call emergency.
2. Calm and reassure the person.
3. If the allergic reaction is from a bee sting, scrape the stinger off the skin with something firm (such as a fingernail or plastic credit card). Do not use tweezers -- squeezing the stinger will release more venom.
4. If the person has emergency allergy medication on hand, help the person take or inject the medication. Avoid oral medication if the person is having difficulty breathing.
5. Take steps to prevent shock. Have the person lie flat, raise the person's feet about 12 inches, and cover him or her with a coat or blanket. Do not place the person in this position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected or if it causes discomfort.

DO NOT

• Do not assume that any allergy shots the person has already received will provide complete protection.
• Do not place a pillow under the person's head if he or she is having trouble breathing. This can block the airways.
• Do not give the person anything by mouth if the person is having trouble breathing.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call emergency for medical assistance right away if:

• The person is having a severe allergic reaction. Do not wait to see if the reaction is getting worse.
• The person has a history of severe allergic reactions (check for a medical ID tag).

Источник: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm

Оглавление

Общая информация.

Чего не следует делать.

Когда необходимо обратиться к врачу.

Общая информация

Более подробно об аллергии и астме читайте здесь: http://www.zdrav.kz/node/233

О пищевой аллергии читайте здесь: http://www.zdrav.kz/node/9591

Ниже представлена информация об оказании первой помощи при аллергической реакции.

При аллергической реакции легкой и умеренной тяжести:

Успокойтесь и успокойте человека с данным состоянием. Тревога может ухудшить симптомы.

Попробуйте идентифицировать аллерген и постарайтесь прекратить с таким аллергеном дальнейший контакт. Если аллергическая реакция возникла от укуса пчелы, попытайтесь удалить жало при помощи какого-нибудь твердого предмета, например, при помощи ногтя или пластиковой кредитной карты. Не используйте пинцет. Выдавливание жала будет способствовать высвобождению большего количества яда.

1.     Если у человека появились сыпь или зуд, нанесите холодный компресс и мазь с гидрокортизоном.

2.     Следите за нарастанием тревожных симптомов.

3.     Обратитесь за медицинской помощью. При легкой форме аллергической реакции врач может порекомендовать Вам прием антигистаминных лекарственных препаратов.

При тяжелой форме аллергической реакции (анафилаксии) проверьте у пациента проходимость дыхательных путей, наличие признаков дыхания и кровообращения. Грозным признаком отека гортани является хриплый голос, шепот или грубый звук, возникающий при дыхании. При необходимости начните проводить искусственное дыхание и сердечно-легочную реанимацию.

1.     Незамедлительно позвоните в скорую помощь.

2.     Сохраняйте спокойствие и успокойте пострадавшего человека.

3.     Если аллергическая реакция возникла от укуса пчелы, попытайтесь удалить жало при помощи какого-нибудь твердого предмета (например, при помощи ногтя или пластиковой кредитной карты). Не используйте пинцет. Выдавливание жала будет способствовать высвобождению большего количества яда.

4.     Если у пострадавшего человека под рукой имеется лекарственный препарат от аллергии, помогите ему принять его. Избегайте приема препаратов через рот, если у человека имеются проблемы с дыханием.

5.     Примите меры для предотвращения шока. Есть человек лежит, приподнимите его ноги на 30 см и накройте его одеялом или пальто. Не следует оставлять человека в этом положении при подозрении на наличие травм головы, шеи, спины, ног или при наличии дискомфорта.

Чего не следует делать

·         Не думайте, что любые уколы от аллергии, которые человек уже получил обеспечат полную защиту.

·         Не подкладывайте подушку под голову пострадавшего человека при наличии у него проблем с дыханием. Это может привести к возникновению непроходимости дыхательных путей.

·         При наличии проблем с дыханием не давайте человеку ничего через рот.

Когда необходимо обратиться к врачу

Незамедлительно обратитесь за медицинской помощью в следующих случаях:

• При наличии у человека тяжелой формы аллергической реакции. Не ждите нарастания симптомов.

• Если в прошлом у человека уже были случаи возникновения тяжелых форм аллергических реакций.

Источник: База данных Национальных институтов здоровья США:   http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm

Перевод: Асель Стамбекова, Персональный координатор проекта HealthСity

Под редакцией:

Алмаза Шармана, профессора медицины