Teething is the growth of teeth through the gums in the mouth of infants and young children.

Information

Teething usually begins when a baby is between 6 and 8 months old. All 20 baby teeth should be in place by the time a child is 30 months old. Some children do not show any teeth until much later than 8 months, but this is usually normal.

·       The two bottom front teeth (lower incisors) usually come in first.

·       Next to grow in are usually the two top front teeth (upper incisors).

·       Then the other incisors, lower and upper molars, canines, and finally the upper and lower lateral molars come in.

The signs of teething are:

·       Acting cranky or irritable

·       Biting or chewing on hard objects

·       Drooling, which may often begin before teething starts

·       Gum swelling and tenderness

·       Refusing food

·       Sleeping problems

Teething does NOT cause fever or diarrhea. If your child develops a fever or diarrhea and you are worried about it, talk to your health care provider.

Tips to ease your child's teething discomfort:

·       Wipe your baby's face with a cloth to remove the drool and prevent a rash.

·       Give your infant a cool object to chew on, such as a firm rubber teething ring or a cold apple. Avoid liquid-filled teething rings, or any plastic objects that might break.

·       Gently rub the gums with a cool, wet washcloth, or (until the teeth are right near the surface) a clean finger. You may place the wet washcloth in the freezer first, but wash it before using it again.

·       Feed your child cool, soft foods such as applesauce or yogurt (if your baby is eating solids).

·       Use a bottle, if it seems to help, but only fill it with water. Formula, milk, or juice can all cause tooth decay.

You can buy the following medicines and remedies at the drug store:

·       Acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) or ibuprofen can help when your baby is very cranky or uncomfortable.

·       If your child is 2 years or older, teething gels and preparations rubbed on the gums may help the pain for a short while. Be careful not to use too much. DO NOT use these remedies if your child is younger than 2 years old.

Be sure to read and follow package instructions before using any medicine or remedy. If you are not sure how to use it, call your child's provider.

What not to do:

·       DO NOT tie a teething ring or any other object around your child's neck.

·       DO NOT place anything frozen against your child's gums.

·       NEVER cut the gums to help a tooth grow in, because this can lead to infection.

·       Avoid teething powders.

·       NEVER give your child aspirin or place it against the gums or teeth.

·       DO NOT rub alcohol on your baby's gums.

·       DO NOT use homeopathic remedies, as they may contain ingredients that are not safe for infants.

Source https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002045.htm

Contents

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Bipolar disorder is a mental condition in which a person has wide or extreme swings in their mood. Periods of feeling sad and depressed may alternate with periods of being very happy and active or being cross or irritable.

Causes

Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally. It most often starts between ages 15 and 25. The exact cause is not known. But it occurs more often in relatives of people with bipolar disorder.

In most people with bipolar disorder, there is no clear cause for the periods (episodes) of extreme happiness and high activity or energy (mania) or depression and low activity or energy (depression). The following may trigger a manic episode:

·         Childbirth

·         Medicines such as antidepressants or steroids

·         Periods of not being able to sleep (insomnia)

·         Recreational drug use

Symptoms

The manic phase may last from days to months. It may include these symptoms:

·         Easily distracted

·         Excess involvement in activities

·         Little need for sleep

·         Poor judgment

·         Poor temper control

·         Reckless behavior and lack of self-control, such as drinking, drug use, sex with many partners, gambling and spending sprees

·         Very irritable mood, racing thoughts, talking a lot, and false beliefs about self or abilities

The depressive episode may include these symptoms:

·         Daily low mood or sadness

·         Problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions

·         Eating problems such as loss of appetite and weight loss, or overeating and weight gain

·         Fatigue or lack of energy

·         Feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or guilt

·         Loss of pleasure in activities once enjoyed

·         Loss of self-esteem

·         Thoughts of death or suicide

·         Trouble getting to sleep or sleeping too much

·         Pulling away from friends or activities that were once enjoyed

People with bipolar disorder are at high risk of suicide. They may use alcohol or other substances. This can make the symptoms and suicide risk worse.

Episodes of depression are more common than episodes of mania. The pattern is not the same in all people with bipolar disorder:

·         Depression and mania symptoms may occur together. This is called a mixed state.

·         Symptoms may also occur right after each other. This is called rapid cycling.

Exams and Tests

To diagnose bipolar disorder, the provider may do some or all of the following:

·         Ask whether other family members have bipolar disorder

·         Ask about your recent mood swings and for how long you have had them

·         Perform a thorough exam and order lab tests to look for other illnesses that may be causing symptoms that resemble bipolar disorder

·         Talk to family members about your symptoms and overall health

·         Ask about any health problems you have and any medicines you take

·         Watch your behavior and mood

Treatment

The main goal of treatment is to:

·         Make the episodes less frequent and severe

·         Help you function well and enjoy your life at home and at work

·         Prevent self-injury and suicide

MEDICINES

Medicines are a key part of treating bipolar disorder. Most often, the first medicines used are called mood stabilizers. They help you avoid mood swings and extreme changes in activity and energy levels.

With medicines, you may begin to feel better. For some, symptoms of mania may feel good. Or side effects from the medicines may occur. As a result, you may be tempted to stop taking your medicine or change the way you are taking them. But stopping your medicines or taking them in the wrong way can cause symptoms to come back or become much worse. DO NOT stop taking or change the dosages of your medicines. Talk with your provider first, if you have questions about your medicines.

Ask family members or friends to help you take medicines the right way. This means taking the right dose at the right time. They can also help make sure that episodes of mania and depression are treated as soon as possible.

If mood stabilizers do not help, your provider may suggest other medicines, such as antipsychotics or antidepressants.

You will need regular visits with a psychiatrist to talk about your medicines and their possible side effects. Blood tests are often needed too.

OTHER TREATMENTS

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used to treat the manic or depressive phase if it does not respond to medicine.

People who are in the middle of a severe manic or depressive episode may need to stay in a hospital until they are stable and their behavior is under control.

SUPPORT PROGRAMS AND TALK THERAPY

Joining a support group may help you and your loved ones. Involving family members and caregivers in your treatment may help reduce the chance of symptoms returning.

Important skills you may learn at such programs include how to:

·         Cope with symptoms that continue even while you are taking medicines

·         Get enough sleep and stay away from recreational drugs

·         Take medicines correctly and manage side effects

·         Watch for the return of symptoms, and know what to do when they return

·         Find out what triggers the episodes and avoid these triggers

Talk therapy with a mental health provider may be helpful for people with bipolar disorder.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Periods of depression or mania return in most people, even with treatment. People may also have issues with alcohol or drug use. They may also have problems with relationships, school, work, and finances.

Suicide is a very real risk during both mania and depression. People with bipolar disorder who think or talk about suicide need emergency attention right away.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Seek help right way if you:

·         Have symptoms of mania

·         Feel the urge to hurt yourself or others

·         Feel hopeless, scared, or overwhelmed

·         See things that are not really there

·         Feel you cannot leave the house

·         Are not able to care for yourself

Call the treating provider if:

·         Symptoms are getting worse

·         You have side effects from medicines

·         You are not taking medicine the right way

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000926.htm

What is traveler's diarrhea?

People get traveler's diarrhea by eating food and drinking water that contain germs. People can get this illness in areas of the world where the drinking water is not clean.

People who live these areas often drink tap water that contains these germs, but they do not get diarrhea. This is because their bodies are used to the germs. In the same way, cooks and food handlers may have the germs that cause traveler's diarrhea on their hands, but they may not get sick themselves. When people travel to a new place, they are more likely to become sick, because they lack protective antibodies (infection-fighting agents in the blood) that attack these germs.

How can I tell if I have traveler's diarrhea?

You may have traveler's diarrhea if you have at least 3 loose stools in 24 hours. You may also have one or more of the following symptoms:

• Fever
• Vomiting
• Stomach cramps
• Bloody stools

How is traveler's diarrhea treated?

Even if you don't treat traveler's diarrhea, it will usually go away in 4 to 5 days. You should drink plenty of clear liquids to replace lost fluids due to the diarrhea. Taking medicine to treat traveler's diarrhea may make you feel better more quickly. It often is treated with antibiotics (medicines that kill bacteria). To get antibiotics, you need a prescription from your doctor.

You also can take a medicine called loperamide (brand name: Imodium). However, if you have bloody diarrhea, you should not take this medicine without also taking an antibiotic.

Children, pregnant women, older adults and other people who get dehydrated easily should drink rehydration solutions. Rehydration solutions help replace the fluid you lose while you are sick. You can buy packets of rehydration salts (to be mixed with safe water) at camping/outdoor stores or drug stores.

When should I contact my doctor?

If your child has a fever higher than 102°F, is dehydrated, has blood in the stool or vomits several times, he or she should see a doctor right away.

If treating your traveler's diarrhea isn't helping you to feel better, talk to your doctor.

How can I avoid traveler's diarrhea?

When you will be traveling to an area where the water may not be clean, see your doctor 4 to 6 weeks before your trip. Your doctor may want to give you some medicines, such as antibiotics or shots, to protect you from illness while you are away. During your trip, be careful about the following things:

• Do not drink tap water and do not use it to brush your teeth.
• Do not drink bottled water if the seal on the bottle has been broken.
• Do not use ice unless you're sure it's made from purified water.
• Do not drink milk or eat dairy products that have not been pasteurized (heated to a temperature that kills all germs).
• Do not eat raw fruits or vegetables unless they can be peeled and you are the one who peels them.
• Do not eat cut-up fruit salad.
• Do not eat lettuce or other leafy raw vegetables (such as spinach).
• Do not eat raw or rare (slightly cooked) meat or fish.
• Do not eat food from people who sell it on the street.

Boiling water will kill the germs that cause diarrhea, making the water safe to drink. Boil water vigorously for 1 minute and allow it to cool to room temperature (do not add ice). When traveling in high altitudes (6,562 feet or higher), boil water for 3 minutes.

What is safe to eat or drink?

When you are in a place where you could get traveler's diarrhea, it is probably safe to eat or drink the following:

• Soft drinks that are carbonated (such as cola).
• Hot drinks, such as tea or coffee.
• Carbonated or noncarbonated bottled water, as long as you are the one who breaks the seal on the bottle.
• Raw fruits or vegetables that can be peeled, as long as you are the one who peels them.
• Food that is served hot.
• Meat that is well cooked.

Questions to Ask Your Doctor

• Is there medicine I can take to prevent traveler’s diarrhea?
• Is traveler’s diarrhea common in the country I’m traveling to?
• If I get traveler’s diarrhea, who should I contact and when?
• Are there vaccines I should get before my trip?
• How long before my trip should I get vaccinated?

More about dehydration treatment: http://www.zdrav.kz/node/9904

Source: http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/travelers-diarrhea.printerview.all.html

Содержание

Могут ли диарея и рвота быть опасными?

Каковы причины возникновения рвоты и диареи?

Как можно предотвратить обезвоживание организма?

Необходимо ли принимать лекарственные препараты для остановки рвоты и диареи?

Как я смогу понять, что у моего ребенка или близкого человека развилось обезвоживание?

Симптомы обезвоживания.

Когда необходимо обратиться к врачу.

Вопросы, которые вы можете задать врачу.

Могут ли диарея и рвота быть опасными?

Рвота и диарея (понос) могут быть опасны, потому что они могут привести к обезвоживанию организма. Обезвоживание развивается при потере организмом большого количества жидкости. У пожилых людей обезвоживание развивается быстро, но оно может возникнуть в любом возрасте.

Каковы причины возникновения рвоты и диареи?

Рвота и понос могут быть симптомом вирусных, бактериальных, паразитарных заболеваний, быть следствием приема некоторых лекарственных препаратов и некоторых заболеваний. Нарушение переваривания некоторых продуктов и недоваренного мяса или рыбы также может вызвать рвоту и диарею.

Как можно предотвратить обезвоживание организма?

Любому человеку с приступами рвоты или диареи необходимо возместить потерянную жидкость и электролиты.

Для возмещения потерянной при рвоте и диарее жидкости взрослые и пожилые люди должны выпивать, по крайней мере, по 7-8 стаканов воды каждый день. Пожилым людям для восполнения потерянной жидкости могут быть назначены растворы для пероральной регидратации. 

Необходимо ли принимать лекарственные препараты для остановки рвоты и диареи?

Обычно нет. Как правило, рвота и понос проходят быстро. При инфекциях рвота и диарея являются защитной реакцией организма, направленной на выведение инфекционного агента из организма. Прием лекарств, останавливающих рвоту и понос, может препятствовать самовосстановлению организма. В антибиотиках, как правило, также нет необходимости. Обратитесь к врачу, если вы считаете, что необходимы лекарственные препараты.  

Как я смогу понять, что у близкого человека развилось обезвоживание?

Очень сложно сказать, имеется ли у человека обезвоживание. Как правило, ко времени  появления симптомов обезвоживания, оно уже успевает перейти в тяжелую степень. Обратитесь к врачу, если вы заметили любой из нижеследующих симптомов обезвоживания, особенно у пожилых людей. В случае тяжелого обезвоживания для возмещения потерянной при рвоте и диареи жидкости пациенту может потребоваться внутривенное вливание жидкостей.

Симптомы обезвоживания

·         Уменьшение количества или отсутствие мочи, более темная окраска мочи

·         Урежение мочеиспускания

·         Жажда

·         Раздражительность

·         Отсутствие аппетита

·         Потеря веса

·         Сухость полости рта

·         Потеря эластичности и упругости кожи

·         Сонливость

Когда необходимо обратиться к врачу

Обратитесь к врачу, если вам кажется, что рвота и диарея прогрессирует, или человек с рвотой и/или диареей:

·         Имеет признаки обезвоживания (см. выше).

·         Рвота продолжается дольше 8 часов или носит неукротимый характер.

·         Появилась кровь в стуле.

·         Появление крови в рвотных массах.

·         Отсутствие мочеиспускания в течение 8 часов.

·         Проглотил что-то, что может быть ядовитым.

·         Имеется напряженность мышц шеи или сильная головная боль

·         Стал вялым или сонливым.

·         Имеется боль в животе более 2 часов.

Вопросы, которые вы можете задать врачу

·         Могут ли рвота и понос быть симптомами другого заболевания?

·         Какие лекарственные препараты могут помочь в лечении рвоты и диареи?