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сахар

Contents

Causes

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Metabolic syndrome is a name for a group of risk factors that occur together and increase the chance of having coronary artery diseasestroke, and type 2 diabetes.

Causes

Metabolic syndrome is becoming very common in the United States. Doctors are not sure whether the syndrome is due to one single cause. But many of the risks for the syndrome are related to obesity.

The two most important risk factors for metabolic syndrome are:

·         Extra weight around the middle and upper parts of the body (central obesity). This body type may be described as "apple-shaped."

·         Insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin is needed to help control the amount of sugar in the blood. Insulin resistance means that some cells in the body use insulin less effectively than normal. As a result, blood sugar level rises, which causes insulin to rise. This may increase the amount of body fat.

Other risk factors include:

·         Aging

·         Genes that make you more likely to develop this condition

·         Changes in male, female, and stress hormones

·         Lack of exercise

People who have metabolic syndrome often have one or more other factors that may be linked with the condition, including:

·         Increased risk for blood clotting

·         Increased levels of blood substances that are a sign of inflammation throughout the body

·         Small amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine

Exams and Tests

Metabolic syndrome is present if you have three or more of the following signs:

·         Blood pressure equal to or higher than 130/85 mm Hg

·         Fasting blood sugar (glucose) equal to or higher than 100 mg/dL

·         Large waist circumference (length around the waist): For men, 40 inches (100 centimeters) or more; for women, 35 inches (90 centimeters) or more

·         Low HDL (good) cholesterol: For men, less than 40 mg/dL; for women, less than 50 mg/dL

·         Triglycerides equal to or higher than 150 mg/dL

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to reduce your risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

Your health care provider will recommend lifestyle changes or medicines:

·         Lose weight. The goal is to lose between 7% and 10% of your current weight. You will probably need to eat 500 to 1,000 fewer calories per day.

·         Get 150 minutes a week of moderate intensity exercise such as walking. Do exercises to strengthen your muscles 2 days a week.

·         Lower your cholesterol by eating healthier foods, losing weight, exercising, and taking cholesterol-lowering medicines, if needed.

·         Lower your blood pressure by eating less salt, losing weight, exercising, and taking medicine, if needed.

Your provider may recommend daily low-dose aspirin.

If you smoke, now is the time to quit.

Outlook (Prognosis)

People with metabolic syndrome have an increased long-term risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, kidney disease, and poor blood supply to the legs.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if you have signs or symptoms of this condition.

 

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007290.htm

Contents

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Prevention

 

Lactose is a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. An enzyme called lactase is needed by the body to digest lactose.

Lactose intolerance develops when the small intestine does not make enough of this enzyme.

 

Causes

Babies' bodies make the lactase enzyme so they can digest milk, including breast milk.

·         Babies born too early (premature) sometimes have lactose intolerance.

·         Children who were born at full term often do not show signs of the problem before they are 3 years old.

Lactose intolerance is very common in adults. It is rarely dangerous. About 30 million American adults have some degree of lactose intolerance by age 20.

·         In white people, lactose intolerance often develops in children older than age 5. This is the age when our bodies may stop making lactase.

·         In African Americans, the problem can occur as early as age 2.

·         The condition is very common among adults with Asian, African, or Native American heritage.

·         It is less common in people of northern or western European background, but still may occur.

An illness that involves or injures your small intestine may cause less of the lactase enzyme to be made. Treatment of these illnesses may improve the symptoms of lactose intolerance. These may include:

·         Surgery of the small intestine

·         Infections in the small intestine (this is most often seen in children)

·         Diseases that damage the small intestines, such as celiac sprue or Crohn disease

Babies may be born with a genetic defect and are not able to make any of the lactase enzyme.

Symptoms

Symptoms often occur 30 minutes to 2 hours after having milk products. Symptoms may be worse when you consume large amounts.

Symptoms include:

·         Abdominal bloating

·         Abdominal cramps

·         Diarrhea

·         Gas (flatulence)

·         Nausea

Exams and Tests

Other intestinal problems, such as irritable bowel syndrome, may cause the same symptoms as lactose intolerance.

Tests to help diagnose lactose intolerance include:

·         Lactose-hydrogen breath test

·         Lactose tolerance test

·         Stool pH

Treatment

Cutting down your intake of milk products that contain lactose from your diet most often eases symptoms. Also look at food labels for hidden sources of lactose in nonmilk products (including some beers) and avoid these.

Most people with low lactase level can drink up to one half cup of milk at one time (2 to 4 ounces or 60 to 120 milliliters) without having symptoms. Larger servings (more than 8 ounces or 240 mL) may cause problems for people with the deficiency.

Milk products that may be easier to digest include:

·         Buttermilk and cheeses (these foods contain less lactose than milk)

·         Fermented milk products, such as yogurt

·         Goat's milk

·         Ice cream, milkshakes, and aged or hard cheeses

·         Lactose-free milk and milk products

·         Lactase-treated cow's milk for older children and adults

·         Soy formulas for infants younger than 2 years

·         Soy or rice milk for toddlers

You can add lactase enzymes to regular milk. You can also take these enzymes as capsules or chewable tablets. There are also many lactose-free dairy products available.

Not having milk and other dairy products in your diet can lead to a shortage of calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, and protein. You need 1,000 to 1,500 mg of calcium each day depending on your age and gender. Some things you can do to get more calcium in your diet are:

·         Take calcium supplements with Vitamin D. Talk to your health care provider about which ones to choose.

·         Eat foods that have more calcium (such as leafy greens, oysters, sardines, canned salmon, shrimp, and broccoli).

·         Drink orange juice with added calcium.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Symptoms most often go away when you remove milk, other dairy products, and other sources of lactose from your diet. Without dietary changes, infants or children may have growth problems.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if:

·         You have an infant younger than 2 or 3 years old who has symptoms of lactose intolerance.

·         Your child is growing slowly or not gaining weight.

·         You or your child has symptoms of lactose intolerance and you need information about food substitutes.

·         Your symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment.

·         You develop new symptoms.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent lactose intolerance. You can prevent symptoms by avoiding foods with lactose.

 

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000276.htm

Роль сахара в организме

Сегодня мы расскажем Вам, какую роль в нашем организме играет сахар.

Существует два основных типа сахаров. Первый вид сахара содержится в молоке, овощах и фруктах. В разумном количестве он может быть полезен. (Однако следует помнить о том, что у некоторых людей может быть непереносимость лактозы – сахара, содержащегося в молоке). Эти сахара, как правило, содержат полифенолы и другие микроэлементы.

5 любимых поводов в году, чтобы себя побаловать

Старая поговорка "все в меру" не самый лучший девиз, особенно когда дело касается здоровья.

«Голые» углеводы и пищевые продукты с высоким содержанием сахара, насыщенных жиров или соли устроены таким образом, что вам снова и снова хочется употреблять их в пищу.

Как побороть тягу к сладкому

Провести собственный организм и подавить тягу к сладкому поможет регулярный прием пищи в маленьких порциях. Подобный метод позволит избавиться от резких скачков уровня сахара в крови, а если вы совсем не можете без сладкого - попробуйте заменить сахаросодержащие продукты фруктами.

Способы определения скрытого сахара в продуктах питания

Сможете ли вы обнаружить в составе продукта наличие добавленного сахара? В этой статье мы научим вас, как определить, содержит ли продукт подсластители и другие сахаросодержащие добавки.

Содержание

Общая информация

Симптомы

Диагностика

Лечение

 

Общая информация

 

 

Синонимы: Непереносимость молочных продуктов, дефицит лактазы, непереносимость молока

Лактаза – это фермент, который переваривает лактозу - сахар, содержащийся в молоке и молочных продуктах.

Дефицит лактазы свидетельствует о том, что ваш организм не может переваривать продукты с содержанием лактозы.

 

Симптомы

После приема продуктов, содержащих лактозу, у вас может возникнуть ощущение дискомфорта в желудке. Также могут иметь место следующие симптомы:

·       Вздутие

·       Диарея

·       Воспаление слизистой оболочки желудка

 

Диагностика

Для того чтобы выяснить, связаны ли ваши проблемы  с непереносимостью лактозы, врач может назначить вам анализы крови или стула.

 

Лечение

Непереносимость лактозы не является серьезным заболеванием. Ограничение употребления в пищу продуктов, содержащих лактозу, или прием лекарственных препаратов может помочь вашему организму усвоить лактозу. Возможно, вам придется принимать препараты кальция, если он не будет в достаточном количестве поступать в организм с молочными продуктами питания. Это связано с тем, что молоко и молочные продукты являются наиболее распространенным источником кальция для большинства людей.